Tratamiento no quirúrgico, quirúrgico y reconstructivo del carcinoma basal de párpados / Non-surgical, surgical and reconstructive treatment of basal cell eyelid carcinoma

Se realizó una búsqueda sobre carcinoma basal de párpado, con el objetivo de describir el contexto actual del tratamiento quirúrgico, no quirúrgico y reconstructivo. Con el fin de eliminar el tumor con las menores secuelas funcionales y estéticas posibles, son aceptadas muchas opciones de tratamiento en el manejo actual de esta patología, que incluyen: tratamientos tópicos (imiquimod, interferones, vismodegib, sonidegib), procedimientos mínimamente invasivos (terapia fotodinámica), modalidades ablativas (curetaje, electrocauterización, criocirugía) y procedimientos altamente especializados (resección quirúrgica convencional, radioterapia o cirugía de Mohs). El tratamiento previo, el subtipo histológico, el sitio y el tamaño de la lesión deben considerarse en la planificación quirúrgica, porque se ha demostrado que afectan las tasas de curación. A partir de estos elementos, se desarrolló un algoritmo para el tratamiento del carcinoma basocelular que podría ayudar a elegir la técnica quirúrgica y los márgenes de seguridad, especialmente en lugares donde la cirugía micrográfica no está ampliamente disponible(AU)

A bibliographic search was conducted about basal eyelid carcinoma with the purpose of describing the current context of surgical, non-surgical and reconstructive treatment. Current management of this condition includes many treatment options aimed at removing the tumor with the least possible functional and esthetic sequels. Among them are the following: topical medication (imiquimod, interferons, vismodegib, sonidegib), minimally invasive procedures (photodynamic therapy), ablative therapy (curettage, electrocauterization, cryosurgery) and highly specialized procedures (conventional surgical resection, radiotherapy or Mohs surgery). Surgical planning should consider the previous treatment, the histological subtype, and the site and size of the lesion. These factors have been shown to affect cure rates. Based on these elements, an algorithm was developed for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma which may be useful in selecting the surgical technique and safety margins, particularly in settings where micrographic surgery is not widely available(AU)

Horizontal histological sections in the preliminary evaluation of basal cell carcinoma submitted to Mohs micrographic surgery

Abstract Background: Mohs micrographic surgery is a surgical technique for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Surgery begins by removing the visible tumor before excision of the tissue specimens for evaluation of the tumor margins. Objectives: To present a new way to evaluate the material obtained from debulking, by horizontal histological analysis of the fragment. Methods: Descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study based on the medical records and histological lamellae of patients with primary basal cell carcinomas smaller than 1.5 cm submitted to Mohs micrographic surgery and who had the visible tumor analyzed by horizontal histological sections. Results: The sample evaluated included 16 patients with lesions located on the face. Comparing the histopathological examinations of incisional biopsy in vertical sections and debulking in horizontal sections, there was agreement in seven cases. The histological analysis performed in horizontal sections allowed identification of the tumor site in 13 cases, and the relation between tumor and margin showed that in 11 cases, the lateral margin was compromised.Study limitations: The technique was better-applied in lesions smaller than 2 cm. Conclusion: Horizontal histological analysis of debulking has advantages for Mohs surgery, since it allows visualization of almost all tumor extension in the same view plane of the dermatoscopy, allowing better definition of the histological subtype, tumor site, and tumor/margin of lesions less than 1.5 cm.

Versatility of advancement flaps for nasal reconstruction following Mohs` micrographic surgery

Abstract: Advancement flaps are important reconstructive options after skin cancer removal on the nose. Donor areas vary according to defect location and size. The objective of this article is to illustrate the versatility of advancement flaps in nasal reconstruction. Five patients were selected. All cases were treated with Mohs' micrographic surgery prior to reconstruction to ensure that 100% of the surgical margins were free of cancer. Advancement flaps can be used to repair a wide variety of surgical defects on the nose with good matching of skin color, texture, and thickness. With careful planning, resulting scars can be camouflaged in natural boundary lines, leading to good functional and cosmetic outcomes.

Reflectance confocal microscopy as a tool for screening surgical margins of basal cell carcinoma

Abstract: Surgical excision of basal cell carcinoma with minimum margins requires serial assessment of layers by frozen histopathology in the case of Mohs micrographic surgery. Evaluation of presurgical tumor margins by in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy is a potential alternative. We selected 12 basal cell carcinoma lesions that were analyzed by confocal microscopy to define margins. The lesions were excised by Mohs surgery. Six tumors showed negative margins in the first phase of Mohs micrographic surgery. We concluded that reflectance confocal microscopy can be useful in the preoperative definition of basal cell carcinoma margins.

Usefulness of the subunit principle in nasal reconstruction

Abstract The subunit principle in nasal reconstruction proposed the concept of reconstructing the specific topographic subunits that were identified as dorsum, tip, columella, the paired alae, sidewalls, and soft triangles. In patients with more than 50% of subunit loss, removing the remaining portion of the subunit and reconstructing the entire subunit may yield better results. The placement of incisions along the borders of the subunits minimizes scar lines. Furthermore, as trapdoor contraction occurs, the entire restored subunit bulges in a way that mimics the normal contour of a nasal tip, dorsum or ala. Two cases of nasal reconstruction that followed this important principle are described.

Analysis of effectiveness of a surgical treatment algorithm for basal cell carcinoma

Abstract BACKGROUND: Surgical excision is the treatment of choice for basal cell carcinoma and micrographic surgery considered the gold standard, however not yet used routinely worldwide available, as in Brazil. Considering this, a previously developed treatment guideline, which the majority of tumors were treated by conventional technique (not micrographic) was tested. OBJECTIVE: To establish the recurrence rate of basal cell carcinomas treated according to this guideline. METHOD: Between May 2001 and July 2012, 919 basal cell carcinoma lesions in 410 patients were treated according to the proposed guideline. Patients were followed-up and reviewed between September 2013 and February 2014 for clinical, dermatoscopic and histopathologic detection of possible recurrences. RESULTS: After application of exclusion criteria, 520 lesions were studied, with 88.3% primary and 11.7% recurrent tumors. Histological pattern was indolent in 85.5%, 48.6% were located in high risk areas and 70% small tumors. Only 7.3% were treated by Mohs micrographic surgery. The recurrence rate, in an average follow-up period of 4.37 years, was 1.3% for primary and 1.63% for recurrent tumors. Study limitations: unicenter study, with all patients operated on by the same surgeon. CONCLUSION: The treatment guideline utilized seems a helpful guide for surgical treatment of basal cell carcinoma, especially if micrographic surgery is not available.

Indication guidelines for Mohs micrographic surgery in skin tumors

Abstract: Mohs micrographic surgery is a technique used to excise skin tumors based on comprehensive surgical mapping, in which the surgeon removes the tumor, followed by a complete histological evaluation of the tumor's margins. The correlation of the presence of a tumor in histological examinations and its precise location on the surgical map result in a complete removal of the tumor with maximum normal tissue preservation. The present article seeks to provide general practitioners and healthcare specialists with guidelines regarding recommendations for Mohs micrographic surgery to treat skin tumors, based on the most reliable evidence available in medical literature on the subject. This bibliographic review of scientific articles in this line of research was conducted based on data collected from MEDLINE/PubMed. The search strategy used in this study was based on structured questions in the Patient, Intervention, Control, and Outcome (PICO) format. MeSH terms were used as descriptors. The indications of this technique are related to recurrence, histology, size, definition of tumor margins, and location of tumors. These guidelines attempt to establish the indications of Mohs surgery for different types of skin tumors.

Staged retroauricular flap for helical reconstruction after Mohs micrographic surgery

Abstract Staged retroauricular flap is a great option for full-thickness defects along the helical rim and antihelix. Donor site consists of the posterior ear, postauricular sulcus and mastoid area. The advantages of this flap include hidden donor scar, donor tissue similarity and rich vascularity. We present a case of collision tumor on the left helix treated with Mohs micrographic surgery and the resulting full-thickness defect repaired with a staged retroauricular flap. This flap is an effective technique for full-thickness helical defect repair with relatively little operative morbidity. High esthetic and functional results may be obtained restoring the ear size and shape.

Paramedian forehead flap combined with hinge flap for nasal tip reconstruction

Abstract The paramedian forehead flap is a great option for restoration of complex nasal defects. For full-thickness defects, it may be used alone or in combination with other methods. We present a patient with a basal cell carcinoma on the distal nose treated by Mohs micrographic surgery, and a resulting full-thickness defect repaired with paramedian forehead flap combined with a hinge flap. For optimal results with the paramedian forehead flap, adequate surgical planning, patient orientation and meticulous surgical technique are imperative.

Cirurgia micrográfica no tratamento do carcinoma microcístico anexial / Micrographic surgery in the treatment of microcystic adnexal carcinoma

Carcinoma microcístico anexial é uma neoplasia de glândulas sudoríparas écrinas incomum, localmente agressivo. Facilmente confundido com tumores anexiais benignos e com alto índice de recidiva após tratamento incorreto. O objetivo é divulgar aos cirurgiões plásticos a importância do conhecimento e manejo correto desta afecção com utilização da cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs. Foi realizada revisão da literatura de 1982 a janeiro de 2014 e análise prospectiva de um caso de carcinoma microcístico anexial conduzido na Clínica de Cirurgia Plástica do Hospital Felício Rocho em março de 2011, utilizando a cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs. Descrito em 1982, menos de 700 casos de carcinoma microcístico anexial relatados na literatura mundial. O caso apresentado foi tratado com o uso da cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs, com seguimento 3 anos sem recidiva. Podemos concluir que a cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs é um excelente arsenal terapêutico, com menor índice de recidiva e preservação de tecidos vitais.

Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is an uncommon, locally aggressive eccrine sweat gland tumor that is easily confused with benign adnexal tumors and has a high rate of recurrence after incorrect treatment. The present study was aimed at increasing awareness on the importance of knowing and properly managing this disease among plastic surgeons by using Mohs micrographic surgery. A literature review from 1982 to January 2014 and a prospective case study of a microcystic adnexal carcinoma treated with Mohs micrographic surgery, at the plastic surgery clinic of Felício Rocho Hospital in March 2011, were performed. First described in 1982, microcystic adnexal carcinoma now has at least 700 cases reported in the international literature. The case reported herein was treated with Mohs micrographic surgery, including a 3-year follow-up without recurrence. In conclusion, Mohs micrographic surgery is an excellent therapeutic tool to preserve vital tissues and ensure a reduced recurrence rate.

The importance of superficial basal cell carcinoma in a retrospective study of 139 patients who underwent Mohs micrographic surgery in a Brazilian university hospital

OBJECTIVE: Mohs micrographic surgery is a specialized surgical procedure used to treat skin cancer. The purpose of this study was to better understand the profile of the patients who underwent the procedure and to determine how histology might be related to complications and the number of stages required for complete removal. METHODS: The records of patients who underwent Mohs micrographic surgery from October 2008 to November 2013 at the Dermatology Division of the Hospital of the Campinas University were assessed. The variables included were gender, age, anatomical location, histology, number of stages required and complications. RESULTS: Contingency tables were used to compare the number of stages with the histological diagnosis. The analysis showed that patients with superficial basal cell carcinoma were 9.03 times more likely to require more than one stage. A comparison between complications and histological diagnosis showed that patients with superficial basal cell carcinoma were 6.5 times more likely to experience complications. CONCLUSION: Although superficial basal cell carcinoma is typically thought to represent a less-aggressive variant of these tumors, its propensity for demonstrating “skip areas” and clinically indistinct borders make it a challenge to treat. Its particular nature may result in the higher number of surgery stages required, which may, as a consequence, result in more complications, including recurrence. Recurrence likely occurs due to the inadequate excision of the tumors despite their clear margins. Further research on this subtype of basal cell carcinoma is needed to optimize treatments and decrease morbidity.

Reconstrução em cirurgia micrográfica / Reconstruction in Mohs micrographic surgery

Introdução: A cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs é empregada para exérese de neoplasias cutâneas, especialmente carcinomas basocelulares de subtipos histológicos localmente agressivos, tumores recidivados ou localizados em regiões nobres. Apresenta elevados índices de cura e permite preservação tecidual. O objetivo é analisar a eficácia da cirurgia micrografia de Mohs e os métodos de reconstrução utilizados. Método: Foram coletados, retrospectivamente, dados de 50 pacientes submetidos à exérese de tumores cutâneos por meio da cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs e à reconstrução da perda de substância. Todos os pacientes foram operados no período entre janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2013 na Clínica de Cirurgia Plástica do Hospital Felício Rocho (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil). Os pacientes foram estudados com relação à idade, gênero, localização do tumor, tratamento prévio, tipo histológico, número de fragmentos analisados na cirurgia micrográfica, método de reconstrução empregado e proservação. Resultados: Trinta e um pacientes (62%) foram do gênero feminino e 19 (38%) do masculino. A média de idade foi de 63,8 anos. Todas as lesões encontravam-se na face, com 66% dos casos com acometimento da região nasal. Considerando o diagnóstico pré-operatório, 48 casos (96%) eram carcinoma basocelulares e dois casos (4%) correspondiam ao carcinoma microcístico anexial. Retalhos locais foram o tipo de reconstrução mais utilizado. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por média de 48,4 meses. Nenhum caso de recidiva tumoral foi observado. Conclusão: A cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs se mostrou altamente eficaz no tratamento dos 50 casos de neoplasias cutâneas. Recomenda-se que os defeitos cirúrgicos sejam reparados pelo cirurgião plástico.

Introduction: Mohs micrographic surgery is used for the excision of skin neoplasms, especially in locally aggressive histological subtypes of basal cell carcinoma, tumor recurrences, or tumors located in critical areas . This technique has a high cure rate and allows maximum preservation of tissues. In this study, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of Mohs micrographic surgery and reconstruction methods. Method: Data from 50 patients who underwent Mohs micrographic surgery to excise skin tumors and reconstruct lost tissue were collected retrospectively. All patients were operated on between January 2005 and December 2013 at the Plastic Surgery Clinic of the Felício Rocho Hospital (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil). The patients' age, sex, tumor location, previous treatment, histological type, number of segments analyzed by micrographic surgery, reconstruction method used, and preservation were studied. Results: Thirtyone patients (62%) were women and 19 (38%) were men. The mean age was 63.8 years. All lesions were facial, with 66% of cases affecting the nasal area. Pre-surgery, there were 48 cases (96%) of basal cell carcinoma and 2 cases (4%) of microcystic adnexal carcinoma. Local flaps were the most used reconstruction method. The patients were followed-up for a mean of 48.4 months. We did not observe any cases of tumor recurrence. Conclusion: Mohs micrographic surgery was shown to be effective in the treatment of 50 skin neoplasms. We recommend that surgical defects should be repaired by the plastic surgeon.

Utility of dermoscopy for demarcation of surgical margins in Mohs micrographic surgery

BACKGROUND: Skin cancer is the most common malignancy and can be treated in various ways. One treatment modality is Mohs micrographic surgery. Due to the increasing incidence of skin cancer in the last decades, there is a need for improvement of the Mohs technique to optimize its effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of dermoscopy to guide demarcation of Mohs micrographic surgery margins and ascertain whether this method can reduce operative time and, therefore, reduce surgical morbidity and cost. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The sample comprised 44 patients who underwent Mohs micrographic surgery, allocated into two groups: the control group and the intervention group. In the latter, surgical margins were guided by dermoscopy. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups by chi-square analysis (p = 0.399). CONCLUSION: Although outcomes were similar in the two groups, demonstrating that dermoscopy does not help in the demarcation of surgical margins for Mohs micrographic surgery, the study provides a practical proposal for improvement of the Mohs technique. .

Cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs / Mohs micrographic surgery

A cirurgia de Mohs foi primeiramente descrita por Frederic Mohs para eliminar os tumores de pele de alto risco. Com a técnica de Mohs os médicos conseguem enxergar além da lesão visível, para identificar com precisão e remover todo o tumor, camada por camada, enquanto deixa a pele não comprometida ao redor intacta e sem danos. Com um método mais preciso e seguro de remoção de tumor se minimiza a chance de recrescimento e diminui o potencial de cicatrização inestética e desfigurante.

Does incomplete excision of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid mean tumor recurrence? / A excisão incompleta de carcinoma basocelular da pálpebra implica

INTRODUCTION: Basal cell carcinoma is the most common tumor of the eyelid. In this region, reconstruction is complex and damage to healthy tissue should be minimal. Objective: To define the relationship between margin clearance at excision and the recurrence rate of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted with 111 patients submitted to surgery for basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid between 2001 and 2003 and followed up for a period of five years. The patients were evaluated according to age, tumor site, recurrence rate and margin clearance at excision. RESULTS: No significant association was found between incomplete tumor excision and recurrence except in patients under 56 years of age, female patients and in the case of tumors of the medial canthus. CONCLUSION: A risk of recurrence in incompletely excised basal cell carcinomas of the eyelid was only confirmed in younger patients, females and for tumors of the medial canthus.

INTRODUÇÃO: O carcinoma basocelular é o tumor mais comum entre os tumores das pálpebras. Nesta região, a reconstrução é complexa e recomenda-se que haja perda mínima de tecido saudável. OBJETIVO: Para definir a relação entre margem livre de tumor na excisão e taxa de recidiva do carcinoma basocelular das pálpebras. MÉTODOS: Este estudo prospectivo incluiu 111 pacientes operados para remoção de carcinoma basocelular das pálpebras no período de 2001 a 2003, com acompanhamento subsequente de 5 anos. Os pacientes foram avaliados de acordo com a idade, localização do tumor, taxa de recidiva, e margem livre de tumor na excisão. RESULTADOS: Não se encontrou associação significativa entre a excisão incompleta do tumor e casos de recidiva, exceto em pacientes com idade inferior a 56 anos, pacientes do sexo feminino e em tumores do canto medial. CONCLUSÃO: Um risco maior de recidiva de carcinoma basocelular das pálpebras com excisão incompleta foi confirmado estatisticamente apenas em pacientes mais jovens, em mulheres, e nos tumores do canto interno.